Volume 12 Issue 2

The Role of Biological Therapies in Orthopaedic Surgery: Investigating the Use of Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), and Growth Factors to Enhance Bone Healing and Cartilage Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Injuries

¹Hadi Raza, ² Ali Raza, ³ Mobeen Ali, ⁴ Dr Muhammad Azeem Akhund, ⁵Mohib Ali, ⁶ Dr Kishore kumar khatri

¹PIMS

²UHS Lahore

³PIMS

⁴Associste Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology PUMHS Nawabshah

⁵PIMS

⁶Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology PUMHS Nawabshah

Correspondence: Hadi Raza, PIMS

Abstract Background: Bone and joint diseases of different etiology cause pain and can lead to fractures, arthrosis, and other illnesses, which significantly reducing patients’ quality of life. Standard approaches for the management of damaged tissues include the surgical intervention and physiotherapy which however give moderate results from the point of view of functional recovery. Biological therapy is the method that is gradually gaining its popularity in the treatment of bone injuries and cartilage degradations through stem cells, PRP, and growth factors therapies at cellular level. Aim: This work is planned as a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the state of knowledge about applied stem cells, PRP, and growth factors in orthopaedic surgery and to identify how these treatments are incorporated into treatment algorithms for MSK injuries. Method: A comprehensive clinical trial, observational, and case reports analysing stem cells, PRP, and growth factors’ orthopaedic application have been implemented. The criteria for inclusion were articles including human participants and outcomes for bone healing and cartilage regeneration. Results: Stem cell therapies especially MSCs evidenced an enhanced healing efficacy in cases of fracture and cartilage defects. PRP was helpful in increasing tissue healing rate, decreasing pain, and improving outcomes in ailments like osteoarthritis and tendon rupture. BMPs are the specific growth factors that have been used to enhance bone union and for cartilage repair. Hypersensitization of these agents in combination therapies enhanced healing outcomes when used in combination with other drugs. However, protocol hypertension and patient-related factors raised concerns about these treatments’ standardisation. Conclusion: Stem cells, PRP and growth factors belong to biological therapies demonstrated notable possibility to reconstruct tissue damages in musculoskeletal injuries. Future large sample clinical trials and long-term studies are required to achieve the optimal therapeutic effects and formulate the set of guidelines for clinical use for large groups of patients with the disease. Keywords: stem cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), growth factors, orthopedic surgery, bone healing, cartilage regeneration, biological therapies, musculoskeletal injuries.