Abstract
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of irreversible visual loss in the elderly, with a predilection for the macula and central vision.
Objective: The present article discusses the pathophysiological underpinnings of AMD, presents current treatment modalities, and presents results of ongoing management programs.
Methods: Clinical studies, epidemiology, and randomized clinical trials were examined to establish disease mechanisms and efficacy of treatments.
Results: Oxidative stress, inherited susceptibility, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disease form the basis of AMD pathology. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy significantly improves visual results in neovascular AMD, while antioxidant supplementation is of little value in dry AMD.
Conclusion: AMD continues to be an important public health issue. While anti-VEGF therapies have transformed wet AMD management, preventive measures and novel therapies are essential for optimal treatment of the dry form.
Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration, Retina, Anti-VEGF, Oxidative stress, Vision loss