Abstract
Background: Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a wide range of structural and functional Valvular cardiac abnormalities leading to severe cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Objective: The paper summarizes current treatment techniques, i.e., medical, surgical, and trans catheter therapy, highlighting new trends, clinical results, and evolving paradigms of care.
Methods: A 2015-2025 narrative study of peer-studyed literature, clinical trials, and guideline recommendations was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
Results: Advances in surgical technology, such as minimally invasive and robotic surgery, have enhanced long-term outcomes. Trans catheter interventions, such as TAVR (Trans catheter Aortic Valve Replacement) and TEER (Trans catheter Edge-to-Edge Repair), have made the treatment of inoperable and high-risk patients possible.
Conclusion: The current treatment for VHD is moving toward individualized, minimally invasive, and image-guided therapy. The best outcome depends on early diagnosis, multidisciplinary assessment, and individualized therapeutic intervention selection.
Keywords: Valvular heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, valve replacement, TAVR, TEER, surgical valve repair, minimally invasive cardiac surgery